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The growth of a very large number of lead tungstate crystals for compact muon solenoid experiments at CERN is described. 75,000 lead tungstate scintillation crystals (230 mm long, 40 mm in diameter) were produced for electromagnetic calorimeters. The book describes all aspects of production of these crystals, from equipment to testing.
In this book:
Application of crystal scintillators in high-energy physics (structure of PWO crystals, point defects and scintillation properties of PWO crystals, special features of application of PWO crystals in the electromagnetic calorimeters of the compact muon solenoid ( CMS) experiments
Control of defect formation in lead tungstate crystals (equipment and methods, radiation hardness and formation of point defects in PWO crystals)
Technology of mass production of PWO crystals (starting material, selection of crucible material and crucible design, annealing and machining of PWO crystals, etc.)
Quality control system in mass production of PWO crystals (special features of certification of PWO scintillators for CMS project ACCOS — automatic system of quality control of crystals, control of micro-impurities in crystals, statistical distribution of radiation hardness of PWO crystals, etc.)
Contents: Application of crystalline scintillators in high- energy Physics • Scintillators • Electromagnetic calorimetry in high-energy physics • Lead tungstate scintillation crystal • The structure of PWO crystals • Industrial methods of growing PWO crystals, analysis of the • equilibrium diagram • Point defects and scintillation properties of PWO • Special features of using PWO crystals in the electromagnetic • calorimeter of the CMS experiments • Control of defect formation in lead tungstate crystals • Equipment and experimental methods • Radiation hardness and formation of point defects in PWO crystals • Technology for mass production of lead tungstate single crystals • Raw material for growing radiation-hard lead tungstate crystals • Growth of PWO crystals • Method of compacting and homogenisation of the raw material • Selection of crucible material and optimisation of crucible design • Modernisation of single crystal growth equipment • Annealing and machining of PWO crystals • Comments regarding the cost of PWO crystals • General characteristics of the mass production of PWO crystals • A quality control system in mass production of lead tungstate crystals • Special features of certification of PWO scintillators for the • CMS project • Methods and means of certification and control measurements of • the scintillation parameters of PWO crystals • Algorithm of selection of scintillation crystals for application in • eletromagnetic calorimetry in mass production • ACCOS – Automatic Crystal Control System • Methods and means of measuring the radiation strength of • PWO crystals • The method of controlling micro-impurities in crystals • Statistical analysis of the results of certification of crystals • Analysis of the distribution of the main crystal characteristics • Analysis of the parameters of statistical distribution ofthe radiation hardness of PWO crystalsISBN - 9788130919928
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Pages : 108
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