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Description: The theory of the formation of characteristic and braking X-ray radiation is described. Special features of a number of sources of this radiation are discussed. Special attention is given to the interaction of X-ray radiation with matter (processes of absorption, scattering, refraction and reflection). The problems of excitation of X-ray fluorescence and its dependence on a number of factor is studied. Contents: Preface • Introduction • Characteristic x-ray radiation • Development of concepts of the atom structure • The equation for the energy of x-ray levels of the atom • Systematics of characteristic lines • The Moseley law • Spin-doublets in the x-ray spectrum • Screening doublets • Determination of the screening constants s1 and s2 • The fine structure of the x-ray levels • Intensity of the lines of the characteristic spectrun • The relative intensity of lines • Selection rules • Effect of the ‘population’ of the levels on the relative intensity of multiplet lines • Effect of the Koster—Kronig transition on the relative intensity of lines • Determination of the probability of pif of intra-atomic transitions • X-ray fluorescence yield • The intensity of characteristic radiation, excited by the electron flux • Basic equation for the intensity of characteristic radiation, excited by electrons • Taking into account backscattering of the electrons • Taking into account the absorption of characteristic x-ray radiation • Taking into account the effect of selective excitation of target atoms • Simulation of the processes of excitation of x-ray radiation by the method of statistical evaluation • Bremsstrahlung • Spectral distribution of the intensity of bremsstrahlung • Basic equation for the spectral intensity of bremsstrahlung • Improvement and modification of Kramers’ formula • Spatial distribution of bremsstrahlung • Polarisation of bremsstrahlung • Sources of x-ray radiation • X-radiation excited by the electron beam. X-ray tubes • The ratio of the intensities of the characteristic and continuous components of radiation of x-ray tubes • Special features of the spectral distribution of radiation of the x-ray tubes with an earthed cathode • Excitation of x-radiation by the ion beam • Characteristic radiation • Bremsstrahlung of ions • Radioactive sources of x-ray radiation • Capture of the electron from K-shell by the atomic nucleus. Internal conversion • Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation of sources, associated with nuclear b-radiation • X-ray radiation, accompanying a-breakdown • Synchrotron — a source of x-ray radiation • X-ray radiation of high-temperature plasma • X-ray lasers • Absorption of x-ray radiation • Electronic, partial and atomic coefficients of absorption • Absorption jumps • Structure of absorption edges • Linear and mass coefficient of attenuation of x-ray radiation • Scattering of x-ray radiation • The scattering of x-ray radiation on free electrons • Coherent scattering • Non-coherent scattering • Intensity of x-ray radiation, scattered on free electrons • The scattering of x-ray radiation on atoms • Coherent scattering by atoms • Non-coherent scattering by atoms • The ratio of the intensities of coherent and non-coherent scattering on the atoms • Intensity of x-ray radiation scattered by a thick specimen • Scattering of x-ray radiation by ordered structures • Resonance combination scattering of x-ray radiation • Refraction and reflection of x-ray radiation • Theoretical fundamentals of studymg dispersion • Refraction of x-rays • Total external reflection of x-ray radiation • Interference of x-ray radiation • Reflection of x-ray radiation by the layer-substrate system and by multilayer structures • Fields of standing waves • Practical application of the optical properties of x-ray radiation. • Expanding the possibilities of x-ray spectrometry • Methods of focusing x-ray radiation • Comparison of the resolution power and reflectivity of x-ray optical elements • Free electrons, formed in irradiated material. Bremsstrahlung of these electrons • Photoelectrons • Auger electrons • Recoil electrons (Compton electrons) • Bremsstrahlung of photoelectrons, Auger electrons and recoil electrons • Comparison of spectral distributions of bremsstrahlung of photo-Auger and Compton electrons • X ray fluorescence • Intensity of x-ray fluorescence • Effect of the particle size on the intensity of x-ray fluorescence • Effect of the element composition of the specimen on the intensity of x-ray fluorescence • Dependence of the intensity of x-ray fluorescence on primary radiation wavelength • Process of excitation of x fluorescence for the case in which the areas of absorption of primary radiation and formation of a fluorescent photon coincide • Formation of x-ray fluorescence as a result of cascade transitions • Ionisation of atoms by photo- and Auger electrons • Processes of excitation of x-ray fluorescence for the case in which the areas of interaction of primary radiation and formation of the fluorescent photon differ • Effect of scattering processes on the intensity of x-ray fluorescence • Ionisation of the L-shell by K-radiation of the same element (seif-excita-tion) • Excitation of x-ray fluorescence by radiation of other elements, present in the irradiated material • Third order effects • Selective absorption of primary radiation • Perturbing effect of elements on the intensity of x-ray fluorescence • Excitation of x-ray fluorescence by polychromatic primary radiation • The integral-free model of calculating the intensity of x-ray radiation • Equivalent parameters of inhomogeneous primary radiation • Second order effects in inhomogeneous primary radiation • Cascade transitions and self-excitation • Ionisation of atoms by photo- and Auger electrons • Selective excitation effect • Perturbing effect. Compensation • Special features of the excitation of x-ray fluorescence of elements with low atomic numbers • Conclusions • References • Index ISBN - 9788130909479
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Pages : 262
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